Python typing Optional and Union: A Practical Guide
Python typing Optional and Union explained: Optional[X] means X or None, Union allows several types, and the modern X | Y syntax. With tested code examples.
Paul Hill
8 min
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Poetry vs pip: Which Python Package Manager Should You Use?
Poetry vs pip compared: pip installs packages, Poetry manages your whole project with pyproject.toml and a lockfile. Learn which to use, with tested examples.
Paul Hill
8 min
Python argparse Subcommands: Build Multi-Command CLIs
argparse subcommands let you build git-style multi-command CLIs in Python. Learn add_subparsers, per-command arguments, and function dispatch, with tested code.
Paul Hill
9 min
Best Python Web Framework: Django vs Flask vs FastAPI (2026)
Best Python web framework compared: Django, Flask, and FastAPI. See which framework fits your project, learning goals, and career, with tested code.
Paul Hill
9 min
Python Global Variables: Scope, the global Keyword, and Common Errors
Python global variable explained: variable scope, the global and nonlocal keywords, UnboundLocalError, and best practices, with runnable examples.
Paul Hill
9 min
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